Saturday, September 13, 2014

The Goldfish Dynasty

source: Mirror
Goldfish (Carassius auratus auratus) today are more often than not seen as crackers, carnival prizes and the victims of childhood responsibility (for a source please see: my parents). This view of goldfish, however, is only a modern one. The fish, domesticated over a thousand years ago, has represented prosperity, power, luck, and love in various cultures across the world, before becoming the common resident of the modern fishbowl.

Originating in the waters of Ancient China, the goldfish descended from the Prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio). C.a.gibelio is a small, silver, rather plain fish which, though rare, can have color morphs of orange, red and yellow. Ancient Chinese were quick to select for these morphs, breeding one rare orange carp with another, and began the fish's domestication. The first written records of keeping goldfish as pets dates back to the Sung Dynasty (960-1279 A.D), but they were probably kept long before that. There are few written records, period, before that point, but the Sung Dynasty writings seem to refer to keeping goldfish as common, meaning that it had been practiced for a while.

It was not until the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 A.D.) that various color morphs began to develop. It became illegal in China to breed and keep yellow, or golden, fish. Gold was seen as the color of royalty, so the morph that was the goldfish’s namesake became rarer than other morphs, such as orange. This is probably why the orange color remains the more common variety to this day.

The Ming Dynasty also first saw goldfish bred for body shape. Various fin size, body size, and eye size were selected for, giving rise to the “fancy fish.” The majority of the hundreds of modern goldfish breeds are fancy fish; Celestial goldfish have surprised eyes that bug out and always look up, ryukin goldfish have long veils of fins that flow behind them as they swim, and the chocolate moore has black butterfly wings for a tail.

Still, the standard common goldfish has remained the most popular breed, and the fish's popularity continued to grow and spread throughout the world. The goldfish arrived in Japan during the 16th Century, and was introduced to Europe and the U.S. in the 17th century. During the 1600s it became customary in these countries for a man to give his wife a goldfish on their one-year anniversary, representing love and a long-lasting relationship. This tradition began to die out as the fish became increasingly common.

The goldfish’s rise to fame in the U.S. was due, in large part, to the U.S. government. In 1878, the United States Commission on Fisheries received the first official import of goldfish. In celebration and to gain publicity, the commission gave out free fish to the people of D.C. Anyone not in the area had only to send in a request to Congress and a goldfish would be sent out post-haste. This strategy took off, and Congress was eventually sending out 20,000 free goldfish every year, leading in 1874 to New York Times quote:
“The business of distributing free goldfish to the people of the District of Columbia has become such a tax on the Fish Commission that it appears they must choose between running a goldfish bureau for Washington exclusively and conducting legitimate work for the bureau.”

In the 20th century the goldfish moved from Capitol Hill to Coney Island. The little fish became prizes at carnivals and fairs around the world, given away to small, sugar-crazed children, along with their standard bowl.

The average age of a goldfish in the U.S. is 4-6 years. This, however, is probably because of the terrible conditions most goldfish live in. It is estimated that with proper care, goldfish should live from 12-20 years, and the oldest goldfish lived to 45.

The conditions of the standard goldfish bowl are terrible for numerous reasons. First, goldfish poop. A lot. In fact, goldfish do not have stomachs, their digestive systems are just intestines, so food runs through them fast. Fishbowls have no filter, and dealing with all of this detritus can be nigh near impossible in that container. Compared to other tanks, bowls also have a small surface area/volume ratio. This means that only a little bit of oxygen from the air can enter the bowl for the fish to breath. Finally, fish bowls are small and boring. Despite what myths you may have heard, goldfish can be shockingly smart, and social. Not only do they distinguish between faces, but they can even be trained to solve mazes and do tricks; and they have a memory considerably longer than a few seconds. Goldfish memory can last 3-5 months, which is something I cannot say for some people.

With a modern understanding of goldfish has come new appreciation, and many groups are now lobbying for better treatment for the fish. Activists around the world are arguing that the way goldfish are commonly housed represents animal cruelty. In 2004 the U.K. Made it illegal for goldfish to be given away as prizes, and in 2005 the city of Rome passed a similar law that also banned the use of the standard fish bowls.

Not all goldfish have been confined to rounded walls. Throughout the world, released or escaped goldfish represent an ecological threat. Intentionally introduced to many U.S. lakes and ponds, wild goldfish can now be found in almost every state. Not all of these populations have become biological menaces, but the hardiness and the omnivorous appetite of these former pets have made them a problem for some native fish such as the Pahrump poolfish (Empetrichthys latos latos) in Nevada. 

 Overall very little is known about the effects of the goldfish's infringement of alien waters, but it does at least appear to be doing quite well. Wild goldfish in the United States have even begun interbreeding with the common carp (Cyprinus carpio), another carp species running rampant in U.S. waters. It is doing so well that New York state declared it illegal to place a fish in any body of water without a permit, including in your own backyard. That might seem extreme, but since the majority of wild goldfish are released, and since the majority of goldfish owners are kids, and since in 2000 the state had over 560,000 kids under 10, you do the math. After all, we've all owned a goldfish.



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Tuesday, February 11, 2014

Canada (Not Canadian) Goose: The Conservation Program That Was TooSuccessful


Image from: http://wdfw.wa.gov/living/
If you live just about anywhere in the United States or Canada you have almost certainly seen Canada Geese (Branata canadensis) forming a wedge in the sky while they honk their way south for winter; and you will see them again, honking their way back north at winter’s end. They are one of the most recognizable birds in North America and they seem to thrive in both the most rural to the most urban of environments. Some consider their abundance a nuisance, but that may be the price we pay for one of the most successful conservation stories in history.

By the early 20th century over hunting and wetland destruction had been all but wiped out the Canada Goose.[8] By the 1950s one subspecies, the Giant Canada Goose (Branata canadensis maxima), was labeled extinct. A decade later waterfowl researcher Forrest Lee was studying a small population of geese in at Silver Lake in Minnesota when his birds were identified as the now no-longer-extinct subspecies.[2] Two years later Lee agreed to pack up for North Dakota where he headed an aggressive reintroduction and restoration program for the giant geese at the Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center. Using 64 pairs of birds, Lee’s program released over 6,000 geese into North Dakota by 1981.[3] As a legacy to his success, by 2005, only 50 years after it was thought extinct, the Giant Canada Goose’s population was estimated at 1.5 million and they can be found all across the Eastern United States and Canada.[2] Several other programs have helped different subspecies thrive and today Canada Geese number about 5 million in all.[4] After his success in Minnesota, Lee was recruited to help other geese populations around the world, and his abundant success earned him the affectionate nickname “Father Goose.”[3]

It is largely because of Lee and researchers like him that we can appreciate today's abundance of geese flying overhead twice a year, but more and more geese are not being seen migrating, they are becoming year-round residents. While their natural patterns dictate migration, many geese wont fly as far south or appear to have given it up entirely.These new behaviors are likely due a combination of many factors such as changing climate and a new abundance of food right at their doorstep. Abundant lawns and golf courses mimic their natural habitats and diet, and agricultural fields often contain a wealth of waste seed that the provide the geese with more than enough food to survive the winter and do not require the much more arduous trip south.[5]

The non-migratory situation is further complicated by baby geese, or goslings. Migration is not instinctual and must be learned, and goslings must learn it from their parents. Non-migratory parents beget non-migratory goslings, and the number of permanent resident geese has increased alarmingly.[6]

While a few geese might be annoying, the increasing numbers of year-round geese has become a serious concern. Geese can excrete 1 to 3 pounds of excrement per day and geese are known carriers of many pathogens, some of which can be transferred to humans, such as avian influenza, salmonella, and botulism.[1][6] The birds often make their deposits on lawns, in parks, and in water sources.The geese can also severely damage local agriculture and have even been known to crash airplanes by being sucked into the engines.[7][9] Several methods are being taken to curb population growth, not the least of which is hunting. 2.6 million geese are shot out of the sky every year but so far it seems to have little effect.[5] Despite our best efforts to stop the the population’s rapid proliferation, the Canada Goose continues to show us just how successful a conservation program can be.


Additional Sources:
  • http://www.ducks.org/hunting/waterfowl-id/canada-goose#ad-image-0
  • http://animals.nationalgeographic.com/animals/birds/canada-goose/
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